Last week we
showed how incredibly strong and light a material like aluminium can be when
it’s been extruded into a square section and then had plenty of lightening holes
strategically drilled. The use of aluminium and lots of holes is a technique
equally applicable to brackets, supports or anywhere that you want strength,
lightness and a cool appearance.
But how do you make it all happen? It’s
straightforward, even with only hand tools. However, a belt sander, bandsaw (or
electric jigsaw) and a drill-press make it a lot easier.
Aluminium
Aluminium is easy to cut, file and drill; it’s
available in a huge range of sections and sheet; it looks good and doesn’t rust
– but it can also be painted or powder-coated. About the only downside is that
to weld it, professional TIG (or at a pinch, MIG) equipment and skill are
needed. However, if you can find a welder who works from his home (perhaps after
hours), even the cost of welding can be brought right down.
Most aluminium that I buy is from scrap metal
merchants. Offcuts of extruded sections (the most useful being 90-degree angle;
and round, square and rectangular tube) and sheet can be had for scrap price if
you drop into metal recyclers frequently. Manufacturers that use large amounts
of aluminium will have their own scrap bins and you can also buy from these.
If worse comes to the worse, buy the aluminium
brand new. However, be prepared for a shock – the new price can be something
like five times (or more!) the price of the scrap! The benefit of buying new is
not that it is new (who cares?) but that you can buy the material in exactly the
size you want. For example, the 40 x 40 x 3mm aluminium tube that starred last
week in the car lifting test was originally bought as scrap. But after a few
constructional mistakes were made, more was needed – and was purchased new at
about AUD$25 a metre. The original probably cost about 25 cents per metre – but
admittedly in lots of shorter bits.
Another advantage of buying new (or at least going
and looking at the new material), is that you can easily see what’s available.
Sure, there are catalogs but when you’re mentally weighing-up the use of a few
different sizes, nothing beats eyeballing the material. In round tube there are
the diameter and wall thickness variations to consider; in square tube the
dimensions and wall thickness, and in sheet just the thickness. That’s all
pretty obvious but some people seem to forget about wall thickness when
selecting tube...
Talking about tube, the strength of the material
(especially in bending) goes up very quickly with increases in depth or
diameter. In other words, a 50mm tube is much stronger than a 25mm tube,
even with both having the same wall thickness.
Not mentioned here is the grade of material.
Aluminium is available in many grades, each with different strengths. However,
as discussed in Part 1 of this series, the benefits of good structural design
apply irrespective of the material being selected. So in the project which can
be occasionally seen in this series (a human-powered vehicle), I concentrated
on the best design I am capable of – and used whatever grade aluminium I could
get my hands on.
Holes
As we saw last week, making holes in the right
places can result in very little loss of strength but quite a loss in weight.
How much weight loss, then? This square aluminium tube (50 x 50 x 3mm) dropped
from 410 to 300 grams, a reduction of 27 per cent – and you can see that the
drilled tube isn’t fully drilled because extra strength was needed at some
spots.
This drilled sheet aluminium gusset dropped from
140 to 100grams, a weight saving of 29 per cent. Incidentally, despite visually
taking up quite a lot of space, a gusset (always used so that its longest edge
is in tension) weighs very little while providing a potentially enormous
increase in strength.
OK, so how do you drill the holes? I write this
after drilling several hundred holes in 3mm aluminium over the last three days.
And there’s a lesson I have learned: it is very easy to make mistakes and so
ruin the part you are making! If that happens after you’ve been working on
it for three or four hours, it’s not much fun.
Marking Out
Firstly, if you want a good result, accurate
marking-out is absolutely critical. In fact, it’s best to sit down, take it
easily and fully mark out the piece of work before you let it anywhere near a
drill press. If you’re working with square tube, making things harder is that
it’s likely that the hole spacing will not be the same on each of the four
walls. That’s because if the ends of the tube are mitred, two walls will be
shorter. Or if, part way along its length, the tube is going to be welded to
another tube, there will be less space on that wall for the holes. Hmmmm.
So let’s take a look at a procedure that is
effective and relatively easy, allowing the number and spacing of the holes to
be matched to available square tube wall length.
Step 1 – Scribe a line down the exact
centre of each wall of the tube. If you have a pair of digital calipers
(very useful in this work) you can use the hardened jaw to scribe the
line. Measure the width of the tube and then set the caliper to exactly half
that. Place one jaw so that it’s just overhanging the side (but snug against it)
and place the sharp inner edge of the other jaw on the wall of the tube. If you
angle the calipers and draw them along, a line will be faintly scribed down the
centre. To check your accuracy, turn the tube around and mark it again, this
time using the other wall as a guide. If you’ve got it right, the two scribed
lines should be on top of each other.
Step 2 – Measure the length of the wall
that you have to put holes in. Make sure that you first think about whether you
really want holes all the way along – are other tubes going to be butting up
against the wall of this one? Do you need to leave ‘meat’ for bolt holes? Once
you start making a hole you’re committed!
Step 3 – Using a hole-saw, cut a hole in a
scrap piece of material of the same dimensions. Then, using the calipers,
measure the actual diameter of the hole. This is important because a hole-saw,
unlike a drill bit, makes a hole that is larger than its body diameter. Also
check that the hole size you’ve selected is appropriate for the application –
that there’s still plenty of material left where it should be.
Step 4 – You should now have two dimensions
– the length of the wall in which the holes are going to be made, and the actual
size of the hole. Let’s say the wall length is 176mm and the hole size is 23mm.
Using a coin (or anything else of about the right size) as a rough template, you
should be able to see that probably five 23mm diameter holes will fit in this
length with plenty of material left between them.
Step 5 – So, five 23mm diameter holes (ie 5
x 23 = 115mm) in a length of 176mm gives 61mm left over. Now this 61mm has to
provide six spaces (always one more than the number of holes) and 61mm
divided by 6 gives 10.2mm of metal between each hole, and 10.2mm of metal
between the end holes and the ends of the tube.
Step 6 – To mark the first hole, add the
figure for the amount of metal between each hole (in this case 10.2mm) to half
the radius of the hole (23 divided by 2 = 11.5) to give a total of 21.7mm.
That’s the distance from the end of the tube that is the centre of the first
hole. So follow down your pre-marked centre line until you get 21.7mm along from
the end. Again, it’s easy if you use the calipers as a combination scriber and
divider. At this point mark a line across the centre line.
Step 7 – To mark the second and subsequent
holes, add the diameter of the hole (23mm) to the width of the material between
holes (10.2mm) and set the calipers (or dividers) to this distance – in this
case, 33.2mm. You can then mark off each of the rest of the holes, spacing them
one after another at this distance. When you get to the last hole, the distance
between its centre mark and the end of the tube should be the same as the
spacing to the first hole at the beginning of the tube – check to see if this is
the case.
Step 8 – Very carefully centre-punch the
hole marks. I stress that you need to be careful when doing this – it’s easy to
undo the good work you’ve just put in. And if you think I am getting carried
away with accuracy, the human eye is uncannily good at picking-out a hole in a
row that is not quite in line. A few millimetres offset looks huge...
Step 9 – Look at the overall piece of work,
again confirming that you actually want dirty big holes everywhere you’ve
centre-punched. Sometimes you find you don’t...
Making Holes
The first step in drilling the holes is to use a
drill bit to enlarge your centre punch marks. That drill bit can be a separate
drill or the one that centres the hole-saw. In either case, use the drill to
just touch the surface of the work – only enough to make an unambiguous starting
point for the drill. Do this with on each of the centre-punch marks and then
remove the work from the drill press. Any misaligned holes will now be clearly
visible, and if present, it’s not too late to redo the centre-punching and so
make the drill start in a slightly different place.
The next step it so drill right through with the
pilot drill. After doing this, spray some lubricant on the hole-saw and material
– with aluminium, a penetrating lubricant like RP7 or WD40 (where do they get
these names from?!) works well. Then cut the hole, lifting the hole-saw
frequently to clear swarf and lubricating as necessary. A chattering saw blade
will give a poor result, and in extreme cases the resulting hole will not be
round. If you are drilling through sheet, make sure you place a piece of scrap
timber beneath the panel. Very thin panels that vibrate when cut can be clamped
between two layers of plywood and the hole-saw used to cut through the lot.
De-Burring
The hole-saw will make a bit of a mess of the rear
side of the sheet, or the inside of the tube. Use a de-burring tool to remove
the dags and also give a good-looking radius’d edge. These handheld tools are
cheap and are available from major tool retailers and industrial suppliers. As
when doing all this work, wear eye protection.
Next week: more on making things...
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