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This article was first published in 2008.
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Back in Zero Cost Trickle Charger we discussed how you
could assemble a trickle charger from a discarded plug-pack (‘wall wart’ in the
US) and a single resistor. That design could charge at about half an amp –
perfect for keeping a car battery topped-up. Now it’s time for its big brother –
it will charge at up to 3 amps. Or, with bigger components, up to 12 amps.
And again this is a charger you can make for
nearly nothing.
Huh?
Why Bother?
If
you look at the amp ratings of chargers available in shops, you’ll see
plenty of cheap car battery chargers. So why would you bother building the DIY
design shown here?
There
are two answers.
First,
unless the commercial charger is large, heavy and expensive, it will be
struggling to charge at even one-quarter of its advertised rating. The
widespread use of an ‘RMS’ rating (rather than average) is great for getting a
big number, but not so good for charging the battery...
Second,
even a cheap charger will cost a lot more than the one described in this
story.
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Starting Points
All battery chargers need a way of dropping the
voltage from the house supply voltage of 240V (or whatever your country’s supply
is) to a voltage suitable for feeding into a battery. In addition, the AC supply
needs to be turned into DC.
Transformers are passive devices that can alter AC
voltages. So connect the high voltage side of a mains-rated transformer to
household power and, depending on the design of the transformer, out the other
side will come 7, 9, 12 or 15 V – whatever the transformer is designed for.
In fact, even that’s not quite the case – a
transformer with a secondary rated at (say) 12V AC will have a higher voltage
output unless it is loaded to its full current capacity. The greater the
difference that occurs between the loaded and unloaded outputs, the worse is
what is called the transformer’s 'regulation'. In most applications, a transformer
with poor regulation is inferior, but in a very simple battery charger, a
transformer with poor regulation actually works rather well. More on this in a
moment.
OK, so you need a transformer – it’s the heart of
the charger. But new transformers capable of more than an amp or so are always
expensive. Always. So how can we build a battery charger at near zero cost?
There’s a short and simple answer - the availability of discarded transformers.
Specifically, those transformers designed to power 12V halogen MR16 bulbs often
used in household and commercial lighting.
These transformers can now be picked up at garage
sales, the tip, through eBay and the like for near zero cost. Like, literally a
few dollars each.
Important note: the transformers I am referring to
typically look like the one pictured here. They are usually rated at 50
watts.
Fully electronic designs are much smaller – they
look like this. They are unsuitable for this battery charger. They
normally have ‘electronic’ marked on them.
So the first step is to salvage at least one
ex-halogen light transformer. If you keep your eyes open and like visiting junk
places, this is surprisingly easy.
The transformer produces low voltage Alternating
Current (AC); now how do we turn that into Direct Current (DC)? The answer is
again easy. All you need is what is called a bridge rectifier.
These are available very cheaply new (eg Jaycar
Electronics ZR-1324 at $5), or can be salvaged out of lots of electrical goods.
They’re easy to spot – they’re one of the few 4-legged devices that you’ll find
in the power supply section of a piece of equipment. The bigger they are, the
better. That applies even more so if they’ve obviously been designed to bolt to
a heatsink.
As a safety measure, you’ll also need a fuse. A
car fuse and holder are fine, but literally any fuse holder that will hold a 4
or 5 amp fuse can be used. Here’s the sort of fuse holder that you’ll find in
many discarded consumer items.
So to summarise, you’ll need:
Plus a few other salvaged bits and pieces like
cable and maybe a wooden base plate on which to mount the parts. I picked up
this wooden plate from the shop at the local tip for $1. Turned upside-down, it
made a perfect mounting base.
Building It
The circuit diagram for the battery charger looks
like this.
Mains power gets connected to the transformer’s
primary windings. Any 3-pin mains power cord cut from a discarded consumer item
can be used. The earth lead should be connected to the transformer’s metal frame
(a screw is provided) and the neutral and active leads connected to the primary
of the transformer. Normally, this is clearly marked. If it isn’t, or you’re
at all unsure of what you’re doing, seek help from an electrician or electronics
technician. We’d suggest avoiding putting any switch in this supply –
simplest is just to plug it into a power point and switch on at the power point.
When the cover is closed, the mains connections
should be completely isolated from unwary hands. If a proper cover does not
exist, the transformer must be placed in an insulated box. Always disconnect the
cord from mains power when doing any work at all on the charger.
Following the transformer is the bridge rectifier.
There’s no need to be worried – the connections are easy. Look at the terminals
of this device. Almost always, you’ll find them marked as:
~, ~, +, -
The two ‘~’ connect either way around to the
transformer’s secondary (ie low voltage) side, the ‘+” is the positive power
output and the ‘-‘ the negative power output. At this current, no heatsink will
be needed on most large bridge rectifiers – but after charging for a while, you
may want to check it’s not getting too hot to comfortably hold. If it is, add a
heatsink. I used a smaller bridge rectifier and so installed a heatsink when the
system was first built. Heatsinks are salvageable from nearly any electronic
product that is thrown away.
Check the transformer’s output rating and size the
fuse accordingly. Most halogen light transformers are marked at 4 amps, so put a
4 amp fuse in the output. I didn’t have a 4 amp fuse so used a 5 amp fuse. It
still blew quite quickly when the output leads were connected together. (The
transformer I used had a marked short circuit output of 23 amps – so a 5 amp
fuse will certainly blow if a short circuit occurs!)
These transformers also have an internal over-temp
cut-out that switches off the transformer at around 45 degrees C.
You’ll need some clips to connect the charger to
the battery. I happened to have some brand newies around, but if you don’t, they
can be salvaged from an old broken battery charger or bought new. The red clip connects to the positive wire coming from the fuse, and the black clip connects to the negative terminal from the bridge rectifier.
That’s it - then away you go...
Clamps
Because
a battery charger is likely to be moved around a lot, clamp both the output and
mains power cables.
Here
the mains power cable clamp can be seen – note that the cable has been increased
in diameter to match the available clamp by wrapping the cable in tape.
Here’s
the battery charger output. A cable tie has been used to prevent the cable from
slipping through the clamp.
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Using It
If you connect the charger to an absolutely dead
flat battery, it’s possible the fuse may blow – this charger isn’t suitable for
that application. That’s because too much current will attempt to flow and the
fuse will chop that short. As indicated above, if you connect the output leads
together, the fuse will definitely blow.
So this is a basic charger – the current limiting
is only by the fuse, and there’s no timer or any way of assessing when the
battery is fully charged – you simply disconnect it after an appropriate
time.
However, the situation is actually better than it
first appears. As indicated earlier, these transformers tend to have poor
regulation – so drop in output voltage when the load is high. This means the
charging current on a dead flat battery (eg 10V) is actually much lower than
will occur when the charger is connected to a slightly flat battery with a
voltage of (say) 11.8V. So in a sense, the charger protects itself. (But don’t
rely on this and leave out the fuse!)
On test, this charger outputted a no-load 17V DC
and flowed about 3 amps when connected to a battery with a ‘flat’ voltage of
11.6V. Here it is charging an SLA (sealed lead-acid) battery at 2.4 amps continuous.
That makes it ideal for overnight charging of car batteries that are down a bit,
or even charging smaller SLA batteries of the sort used in electric bikes and
the like.
Remember, don’t leave the charger connected
permanently – just leave it connected long enough to bring up the battery
voltage to a charging 14.4 or so volts.
The pictured charger cost me about $5 to make.
Conclusion
Keep your eyes open and accumulate literally less
than a handful of bits and it’s possible to make this effective battery charger
for nearly nothing!
A
Better Design?
We
also considered lots more sophisticated designs using auto switch-off, series
resistors, and multiple transformers.
For
example, you can use the eLabtronics Voltage Switch to disconnect the charge when the battery voltage rises sufficiently. You can
also use a series resistor to limit current, as we did in Zero Cost Trickle Charger.
However,
each time we increased the complexity, the cost and difficulty of construction
also went up.
So
in the end we kept coming back to the simple design presented above. It works,
in its most basic form takes only minutes to make, and can cost nearly nothing.
It’s
pretty hard to beat that list of attributes...
However,
if you can find a more powerful transformer, there is one upgrade you can make
that necessitates only one more component.
Halogen
light transformers are also available in greater than 50W configurations – the
one shown here is 200 watts! Team it with a heavy duty bridge rectifier
(definitely mounted on a heatsink – that’s the new requirement - although it
doesn’t have to be as huge as this one) and the maximum charging current will
rise a long way.
However,
because the nominal voltage output of the transformer is the same, higher charge
current will occur only when the battery is flatter to start with (ie the
voltage sag won’t be as great so more current will flow), or you charge multiple
12V lead acid batteries in parallel. Rate the fuse to suit the new charging
current maximum – eg 15 amps.
Note:
these higher power transformers are far harder to find, especially as
discards.
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